Ayn Rand Fictional Character Howard

Novel past Ayn Rand, 1943

The Fountainhead

Embrace of the first edition
Author	Ayn Rand
Country	U.s.a.
Linguistic communication	English language
Genre	Philosophical fiction
Publisher	Bobbs Merrill
Publication date	1943
Pages	753 (1st edition)
OCLC	300033023

The Fountainhead is a 1943 novel past Russian-American author Ayn Rand, her showtime major literary success. The novel'south protagonist, Howard Roark, is an intransigent young builder, who battles against conventional standards and refuses to compromise with an architectural establishment unwilling to have innovation. Roark embodies what Rand believed to be the platonic man, and his struggle reflects Rand'due south belief that individualism is superior to collectivism.

Roark is opposed by what he calls "second-handers", who value conformity over independence and integrity. These include Roark'southward one-time classmate, Peter Keating, who succeeds by following popular styles merely turns to Roark for help with pattern problems. Ellsworth Toohey, a socialist architecture critic who uses his influence to promote his political and social agenda, tries to destroy Roark's career. Tabloid paper publisher Gail Wynand seeks to shape popular opinion; he befriends Roark, then betrays him when public opinion turns in a direction he cannot control. The novel'south most controversial character is Roark'southward lover, Dominique Francon. She believes that non-conformity has no adventure of winning, so she alternates between helping Roark and working to undermine him.

Twelve publishers rejected the manuscript before an editor at the Bobbs-Merrill Company risked his job to get it published. Contemporary reviewers' opinions were polarized. Some praised the novel as a powerful paean to individualism, while others thought it overlong and lacking sympathetic characters. Initial sales were slow, but the book gained a following past discussion of mouth and became a bestseller. More six.5 1000000 copies of The Fountainhead take been sold worldwide and information technology has been translated into more than 20 languages. The novel attracted a new post-obit for Rand and has enjoyed a lasting influence, peculiarly amidst architects, entrepreneurs, American conservatives and libertarians.^[1]

The novel has been adapted into other media several times. An illustrated version was syndicated in newspapers in 1945. Warner Bros. produced a flick version in 1949; Rand wrote the screenplay, and Gary Cooper played Roark. Critics panned the film, which did not recoup its budget; several directors and writers have considered developing a new film accommodation. In 2014, Belgian theater director Ivo van Hove created a stage adaptation, which has received mostly positive reviews.

Plot [edit]

In early 1922, Howard Roark is expelled from the architecture department of the Stanton Constitute of Engineering science because he has not adhered to the school'south preference for historical convention in building design. Roark goes to New York Metropolis and gets a job with Henry Cameron. Cameron was once a renowned architect, but now gets few commissions. In the meantime, Roark's pop, only vacuous, young man student and housemate Peter Keating (whom Roark sometimes helped with projects) graduates with high honors. He besides moves to New York, where he has been offered a position with the prestigious compages firm, Francon & Heyer. Keating ingratiates himself with Guy Francon and works to remove rivals among his coworkers. After Francon's partner, Lucius Heyer, suffers a fatal stroke brought on by Keating's antagonism, Francon chooses Keating to replace him. Meanwhile, Roark and Cameron create inspired work, but struggle financially.

After Cameron retires, Keating hires Roark, whom Francon soon fires for refusing to design a building in the classical style. Roark works briefly at another business firm, then opens his own role but has problem finding clients and closes information technology downwards. He gets a job in a granite quarry owned by Francon. There he meets Francon's daughter Dominique, a columnist for The New York Banner, while she is staying at her family's estate nearby. They are immediately attracted to each other, leading to a rough sexual encounter that Dominique after calls a rape.^[ii] Shortly subsequently, Roark is notified that a client is gear up to showtime a new building, and he returns to New York. Dominique also returns to New York and learns Roark is an architect. She attacks his work in public, but visits him for secret sexual encounters.

Ellsworth K. Toohey, who writes a pop architecture column in the Banner, is an outspoken socialist who shapes public opinion through his cavalcade and a circumvolve of influential associates. Toohey sets out to destroy Roark through a smear entrada. He recommends Roark to Hopton Stoddard, a wealthy associate who wants to build a Temple of the Man Spirit. Roark'south unusual blueprint includes a nude statue modeled on Dominique; Toohey persuades Stoddard to sue Roark for malpractice. Toohey and several architects (including Keating) testify at the trial that Roark is incompetent equally an builder due to his rejection of historical styles. Dominique also argues for the prosecution in tones that tin can be interpreted to be speaking more in Roark's defense than for the plaintiff, but he loses the case. Dominique decides that since she cannot have the earth she wants, in which men like Roark are recognized for their greatness, she will live entirely in the world she has, which shuns Roark and praises Keating. She marries Keating and turns herself over to him, doing and saying whatever he wants, and actively persuading potential clients to hire him instead of Roark.

To win Keating a prestigious commission offered by Gail Wynand, the owner and editor-in-chief of the Banner, Dominique agrees to slumber with Wynand. Wynand is so strongly attracted to Dominique that he pays Keating to divorce her, after which Wynand and Dominique are married. Wanting to build a home for himself and his new married woman, Wynand discovers that Roark designed every building he likes so hires him. Roark and Wynand get close friends; Wynand is unaware of Roark's past relationship with Dominique.

Washed up and out of the public eye, Keating pleads with Toohey to use his influence to get the commission for the much-sought-afterwards Cortlandt housing project. Keating knows his about successful projects were aided by Roark, and then he asks for Roark's help in designing Cortlandt. Roark agrees in substitution for consummate anonymity and Keating's promise that it volition exist congenital exactly as designed. After taking a long vacation with Wynand, Roark returns to find that Keating was non able to forbid major changes from being made in Cortlandt's structure. Roark dynamites the projection to prevent the subversion of his vision.

Roark is arrested and his action is widely condemned, but Wynand decides to utilise his papers to defend his friend. This unpopular stance hurts the circulation of his newspapers, and Wynand'south employees proceed strike afterwards Wynand dismisses Toohey for disobeying him and criticizing Roark. Faced with the prospect of closing the paper, Wynand gives in and publishes a denunciation of Roark. At his trial, Roark makes a lengthy speech most the value of ego and integrity, and he is found non guilty. Dominique leaves Wynand for Roark. Wynand, who has betrayed his own values by attacking Roark, finally grasps the nature of the ability he idea he held. He shuts down the Imprint and commissions a final building from Roark, a skyscraper that will serve as a monument to human achievement. Xviii months later, the Wynand Building is under structure. Dominique, now Roark'south wife, enters the site to run into him atop its steel framework.

Major characters [edit]

Howard Roark [edit]

In writing the graphic symbol of Howard Roark, Rand was inspired by the architect Frank Lloyd Wright.

Rand'due south stated goal in writing fiction was to portray her vision of an ideal man.^{[3] [4]} The character of Howard Roark, the protagonist of The Fountainhead, was the first instance where she believed she had accomplished this.^[5] Roark embodies Rand's egocentric moral ideals,^[6] peculiarly the virtues of independence^[seven] and integrity.^[viii]

The character of Roark was at to the lowest degree partly inspired by American architect Frank Lloyd Wright. Rand described the inspiration as limited to specific ideas he had about compages and "the pattern of his career".^[ix] She denied that Wright had anything to do with the philosophy expressed by Roark or the events of the plot.^{[10] [11]} Rand's denials have not stopped commentators from claiming stronger connections between Wright and Roark.^{[11] [12]} Wright equivocated about whether he thought Roark was based on him, sometimes implying that he did, at other times denying it.^[13] Wright biographer Ada Louise Huxtable described meaning differences between Wright'due south philosophy and Rand's, and quoted him declaring, "I deny the paternity and decline to ally the mother."^[14] Compages critic Martin Filler said that Roark resembles the Swiss-French modernist builder Le Corbusier more closely than Wright.^[15]

Peter Keating [edit]

In contrast to the individualistic Roark, Peter Keating is a conformist who bases his choices on what others want. Introduced to the reader as Roark's classmate in architecture school, Keating does not really desire to be an builder. He loves painting, just his mother steers him toward architecture instead.^[16] In this as in all his decisions, Keating does what others expect rather than follow his personal interests. He becomes a social climber, focused on improving his career and social standing using a combination of personal manipulation and conformity to popular styles.^{[16] [17] [xviii]} He follows a like path in his individual life: he chooses a loveless marriage to Dominique instead of marrying the woman he loves—who lacks Dominique's beauty and social connections. By middle historic period, Keating's career is in reject and he is unhappy with his path, just it is too late for him to change.^{[19] [xx]}

Rand did non use a specific architect every bit a model for Keating.^[21] Her inspiration for the character came from a neighbor she knew while working in Hollywood in the early 1930s. Rand asked this immature adult female to explicate her goals in life. The woman'southward response was focused on social comparisons: the neighbour wanted her textile possessions and social standing to equal or exceed those of other people. Rand created Keating as an archetype of this motivation, which she saw as the opposite of self-interest.^[22]

Dominique Francon [edit]

Dominique Francon is the heroine of The Fountainhead, described by Rand as "the woman for a man like Howard Roark".^[23] Rand described Dominique as similar to herself "in a bad mood".^[24] Philosopher Andrew Bernstein wrote: "For much of the novel, Dominique is a tortured soul, tormented by a profound inner conflict betwixt her imperishable idealism and a deep-seated conviction that a debased society volition inexorably crush the towering genius she so fervently hero-worships".^[25] Believing that the values she admires cannot survive in the real world, she chooses to turn away from them so that the globe cannot harm her. Simply at the cease of the novel does she take that she can be happy and survive.^{[24] [26] [27]}

The grapheme has provoked varied reactions from commentators. Philosopher Chris Matthew Sciabarra called her "one of the more bizarre characters in the novel".^[17] Literature scholar Mimi Reisel Gladstein chosen her "an interesting case report in perverseness".^[eighteen] Writer Tore Boeckmann described her as a character with alien behavior and saw her actions as a logical representation of how those conflicts might play out.^[28]

Gail Wynand [edit]

Gail Wynand is a wealthy paper mogul who rose from a destitute childhood in the ghettoes of New York (Hell's Kitchen) to control much of the city's print media. While Wynand shares many of the character qualities of Roark, his success is dependent upon his ability to pander to public stance. Rand presents this as a tragic flaw that somewhen leads to his downfall. In her journals Rand described Wynand as "the homo who could have been" a heroic individualist, contrasting him to Roark, "the man who can exist and is".^{[29] [30]} Some elements of Wynand's grapheme were inspired by existent-life newspaper tycoon William Randolph Hearst,^{[29] [31] [32]} including Hearst'due south xanthous journalism and mixed success in attempts to proceeds political influence.^[29] Wynand ultimately fails in his attempts to wield ability, losing his newspaper, his wife (Dominique), and his friendship with Roark.^[33] The character has been interpreted as a representation of the chief morality described by philosopher Friedrich Nietzsche;^[34] his tragic nature illustrates Rand's rejection of Nietzsche'south philosophy.^{[30] [35] [36]} In Rand's view, a person like Wynand, who seeks power over others, is as much a "2d-hander" every bit a conformist such as Keating.^{[37] [38] [39]}

Ellsworth Toohey [edit]

Harold Laski was 1 of Rand'due south inspirations for the character of Ellsworth Toohey.

Ellsworth Monkton Toohey is Roark's antagonist. He is Rand's personification of evil—the most active and cocky-enlightened villain in any of her novels.^{[nineteen] [40] [41]} Toohey is a socialist, and represents the spirit of collectivism more generally. He styles himself every bit representative of the volition of the masses, merely his actual desire is for power over others.^{[19] [42]} He controls private victims past destroying their sense of self-worth, and seeks broader power (over "the world", as he declares to Keating in a moment of artlessness) by promoting the ideals of upstanding altruism and a rigorous egalitarianism that treats all people and achievements as equally valuable.^{[40] [43]} Rand used her retention of the autonomous socialist British Labour Party Chairman Harold Laski to help her imagine what Toohey would do in a given situation. She attended a New York lecture by Laski every bit part of gathering cloth for the novel, following which she changed the concrete advent of the character to be like to that of Laski.^[44] New York intellectuals Lewis Mumford and Clifton Fadiman also helped inspire the character.^{[31] [32]}

History [edit]

Groundwork and evolution [edit]

When Rand first arrived in New York as an immigrant from the Soviet Union in 1926, she was greatly impressed past the Manhattan skyline'south towering skyscrapers, which she saw as symbols of liberty, and resolved that she would write virtually them.^{[45] [46]} In 1927, Rand was working as a inferior screenwriter for picture producer Cecil B. DeMille when he asked her to write a script for what would go the 1928 motion picture Skyscraper. The original story by Dudley Murphy was about ii construction workers working on a skyscraper who are rivals for a woman's love. Rand rewrote it, transforming the rivals into architects. One of them, Howard Kane, was an idealist defended to erecting the skyscraper despite enormous obstacles. The moving picture would have ended with Kane standing atop the completed skyscraper. DeMille rejected Rand'due south script, and the completed motion-picture show followed Tater's original idea. Rand's version contained elements she would apply in The Fountainhead.^{[47] [48]}

In 1928, Rand made notes for a proposed, simply never written, novel titled The Little Street.^[49] Rand'due south notes for information technology incorporate elements that carried over into her work on The Fountainhead.^[50] David Harriman, who edited the notes for the posthumously published Journals of Ayn Rand (1997), described the story's villain as a preliminary version of the character Ellsworth Toohey, and this villain's assassination by the protagonist as prefiguring the attempted assassination of Toohey.^[51]

Rand began The Fountainhead (originally titled Second-Hand Lives) following the completion of her kickoff novel, We the Living, in 1934. That earlier novel was based in role on people and events familiar to Rand; the new novel, on the other paw, focused on the less-familiar world of compages. She therefore conducted extensive research that included reading many biographies and other books near architecture.^[52] She also worked as an unpaid typist in the part of architect Ely Jacques Kahn.^[53] Rand began her notes for the new novel in Dec 1935.^[54]

Rand wanted to write a novel that was less overtly political than Nosotros the Living, to avert being viewed as "a 'one-theme' author".^[55] As she developed the story, she began to see more political meaning in the novel'due south ideas about individualism.^[56] Rand also planned to introduce the novel's four sections with quotes from Friedrich Nietzsche, whose ideas had influenced her ain intellectual development, but she somewhen decided that Nietzsche'southward ideas were too different from hers. She edited the last manuscript to remove the quotes and other allusions to him.^{[57] [58]}

Rand's piece of work on The Fountainhead was repeatedly interrupted. In 1937, she took a break from it to write a novella called Anthem. She likewise completed a phase accommodation of We the Living that ran briefly in 1940.^[59] That same year, she became active in politics. She first worked equally a volunteer in Wendell Willkie'south presidential campaign, and and then attempted to form a group for conservative intellectuals.^[sixty] As her royalties from earlier projects ran out, she began doing freelance work as a script reader for picture show studios. When Rand finally found a publisher, the novel was only i-tertiary complete.^[61]

Publication history [edit]

Although she was a previously published novelist and had a successful Broadway play, Rand had difficulty finding a publisher for The Fountainhead. Macmillan Publishing, which had published Nosotros the Living, rejected the volume after Rand insisted they provide more than publicity for her new novel than they had done for the showtime one.^[62] Rand's agent began submitting the book to other publishers; in 1938, Knopf signed a contract to publish the book. When Rand was only a quarter washed with the manuscript past Oct 1940, Knopf canceled her contract.^[63] Several other publishers rejected the book. When Rand's agent began to criticize the novel, Rand fired the agent and decided to handle submissions herself.^[64] Twelve publishers (including Macmillan and Knopf) rejected the volume.^{[61] [65] [66]}

While Rand was working as a script reader for Paramount Pictures, her boss put her in bear on with the Bobbs-Merrill Company. A recently hired editor, Archibald Ogden, liked the book, but two internal reviewers gave alien opinions. One said information technology was a great book that would never sell; the other said it was trash but would sell well. Ogden's boss, Bobbs-Merrill president D.L. Chambers, decided to reject the book. Ogden responded by wiring to the caput office, "If this is non the book for you lot, then I am non the editor for y'all." His strong stand won Rand the contract on December 10, 1941. She also got a $1,000 advance so she could piece of work full-time to consummate the novel by Jan one, 1943.^{[67] [68]}

Rand worked long hours through 1942 to complete the terminal two-thirds of her manuscript, which she delivered on December 31, 1942.^{[68] [69]} Rand'south working championship for the book was Second-Manus Lives, but Ogden pointed out that this emphasized the story's villains. Rand offered The Mainspring every bit an alternative, merely this title had been recently used for some other book. She then used a thesaurus and found 'fountainhead' as a synonym.^[65] The Fountainhead was published on May 7, 1943, with vii,500 copies in the starting time printing. Initial sales were deadening, but they began to ascent in late 1943, driven primarily past word of rima oris.^{[70] [71]} The novel began appearing on bestseller lists in 1944.^[72] It reached number 6 on The New York Times bestseller list in Baronial 1945, over two years later on its initial publication.^[73] Past 1956, the hardcover edition sold over 700,000 copies.^[74] The first paperback edition was published by the New American Library in 1952.^[75]

A 25th anniversary edition was issued by the New American Library in 1971, including a new introduction by Rand. In 1993, a 50th anniversary edition from Bobbs-Merrill added an afterword by Rand'due south heir, Leonard Peikoff.^[76] The novel has been translated into more than than 25 languages.^{[note 1]}

Themes [edit]

Individualism [edit]

Rand indicated that the primary theme of The Fountainhead was "individualism versus collectivism, not in politics only within a man's soul".^[78] Philosopher Douglas Den Uyl identified the individualism presented in the novel as beingness specifically of an American kind, portrayed in the context of that land'southward club and institutions.^[79] Apart from scenes such as Roark'south courtroom defense of the American concept of individual rights, she avoided direct give-and-take of political issues. Equally historian James Baker described it, "The Fountainhead inappreciably mentions politics or economics, despite the fact that it was born in the 1930s. Nor does it deal with world affairs, although it was written during World State of war II. Information technology is about ane man against the system, and information technology does non permit other matters to intrude."^[fourscore] Early on drafts of the novel included more explicit political references, but Rand removed them from the finished text.^[81]

Architecture [edit]

Rand's descriptions of Roark's buildings were inspired by the piece of work of Frank Lloyd Wright, such as Fallingwater.

Rand chose the profession of architecture as the background for her novel, although she knew nothing most the field beforehand.^[82] As a field that combines art, applied science, and business, it allowed her to illustrate her primary themes in multiple areas.^[83] Rand subsequently wrote that architects provide "both art and a basic need of men's survival".^[82] In a speech to a chapter of the American Establish of Architects, Rand drew a connection between architecture and individualism, saying time periods that had improvements in compages were besides those that had more freedom for the individual.^[84]

Roark'due south modernist arroyo to architecture is contrasted with that of most of the other architects in the novel. In the opening chapter, the dean of his architecture school tells Roark that the best compages must copy the past rather than innovate or amend.^[85] Roark repeatedly loses jobs with architectural firms and commissions from clients because he is unwilling to copy conventional architectural styles. In contrast, Keating'southward mimicry of convention brings him top honors in school and an immediate task offer.^[86] The aforementioned conflict between innovation and tradition is reflected in the career of Roark's mentor, Henry Cameron.^[87]

Philosophy [edit]

Den Uyl calls The Fountainhead a "philosophical novel", meaning that it addresses philosophical ideas and offers a specific philosophical viewpoint about those ideas.^[88] In the years following the publication of The Fountainhead, Rand developed a philosophical system that she called Objectivism. The Fountainhead does not contain this explicit philosophy,^[89] and Rand did not write the novel primarily to convey philosophical ideas.^[ninety] Withal, Rand included 3 excerpts from the novel in For the New Intellectual, a 1961 collection of her writings that she described as an outline of Objectivism.^[91] Peikoff used many quotes and examples from The Fountainhead in his 1991 book on Rand's philosophy, Objectivism: The Philosophy of Ayn Rand.^[92]

Reception and legacy [edit]

Critical reception [edit]

The Fountainhead polarized critics and received mixed reviews upon its release.^[93] In The New York Times, Lorine Pruette praised Rand every bit writing "brilliantly, beautifully and bitterly", stating that she had "written a hymn in praise of the individual" that would force readers to rethink bones ideas.^[94] Writing for the same paper, Orville Prescott called the novel "disastrous" with a plot containing "coils and convolutions" and a "crude bandage of characters".^[95] Benjamin DeCasseres, a columnist for the New York Periodical-American, described Roark as "one of the most inspiring characters in modernistic American literature". Rand sent DeCasseres a alphabetic character thanking him for explaining the book's themes about individualism when many other reviewers did non.^[96] There were other positive reviews, although Rand dismissed many of them as either non understanding her message or as being from unimportant publications.^[93] A number of negative reviews focused on the length of the novel,^[97] such every bit 1 that chosen it "a whale of a book" and another that said "anyone who is taken in by it deserves a stern lecture on newspaper-rationing". Other negative reviews called the characters unsympathetic and Rand's fashion "offensively pedestrian".^[93]

In the years following its initial publication, The Fountainhead has received relatively little attention from literary critics.^{[98] [99]} Assessing the novel'southward legacy, philosopher Douglas Den Uyl described The Fountainhead as relatively neglected compared to her later novel, Atlas Shrugged, and said, "our problem is to find those topics that ascend conspicuously with The Fountainhead and yet do non force us to read it simply through the eyes of Atlas Shrugged."^[98] Amid critics who have addressed it, some consider The Fountainhead to exist Rand'southward all-time novel,^{[100] [101] [102]} although in some cases this assessment is tempered past an overall negative judgment of Rand's writings.^{[103] [104]} Purely negative evaluations have also continued; a 2011 overview of American literature said "mainstream literary culture dismissed [ The Fountainhead ] in the 1940s and continues to dismiss it".^[1]

Feminist criticisms [edit]

Feminist critics accept condemned Roark and Dominique'due south first sexual encounter, accusing Rand of endorsing rape.^[105] This was one of the virtually controversial elements of the book. Feminist critics have attacked the scene as representative of an antifeminist viewpoint in Rand's works that makes women subservient to men.^[106] Susan Brownmiller, in her 1975 work Against Our Will: Men, Women and Rape, denounced what she chosen "Rand's philosophy of rape", for portraying women as wanting "humiliation at the hands of a superior man". She called Rand "a traitor to her ain sex activity".^[107] Susan Love Brownish said the scene presents Rand'southward view of sex as sadomasochism involving "feminine subordination and passivity".^[108] Barbara Grizzuti Harrison suggested women who enjoy such "masochistic fantasies" are "damaged" and have low cocky-esteem.^[109] While Mimi Reisel Gladstein found elements to admire in Rand's female person protagonists, she said that readers who have "a raised consciousness about the nature of rape" would disapprove of Rand'due south "romanticized rapes".^[110]

Rand's posthumously published working notes for the novel indicate that when she started on the book in 1936, she conceived of Roark's graphic symbol that "were it necessary, he could rape her and experience justified".^[111] She denied that what happened in the finished novel was actually rape, referring to it as "rape by engraved invitation".^[112] She said Dominique wanted and "all simply invited" the act, citing, amongst other things, a passage where Dominique scratches a marble slab in her bedchamber to invite Roark to repair it.^[113] A truthful rape, Rand said, would exist "a dreadful offense".^[114] Defenders of the novel have agreed with this interpretation. In an essay specifically explaining this scene, Andrew Bernstein wrote that although much "confusion" exists about it, the descriptions in the novel provide "conclusive" evidence of Dominique's strong allure to Roark and her desire to have sex with him.^[115] Individualist feminist Wendy McElroy said that while Dominique is "thoroughly taken", there is notwithstanding "articulate indication" that Dominique both gave consent for and enjoyed the experience.^[116] Both Bernstein and McElroy saw the interpretations of feminists such as Brownmiller equally based in a false understanding of sexuality.^{[116] [105]}

Effect on Rand'south career [edit]

Gary Cooper played Howard Roark in the flick adaptation.

Although Rand had some mainstream success previously with her play Night of January 16th and had ii previously published novels, The Fountainhead was a major breakthrough in her career. It brought her lasting fame and financial success. She sold the movie rights to The Fountainhead and returned to Hollywood to write the screenplay for the adaptation.^[117] In April 1944, she signed a multiyear contract with motion picture producer Hal Wallis to write original screenplays and adaptations of other writers' works.^[118]

The success of the novel brought Rand new publishing opportunities. Bobbs-Merrill offered to publish a nonfiction volume expanding on the ethical ideas presented in The Fountainhead. Though this volume was never completed, a portion of the fabric was used for an article in the Jan 1944 issue of Reader'due south Assimilate.^[119] Rand was also able to become an American publisher for Canticle, which previously had been published in England, merely not in the The states.^[120] When she was ready to submit Atlas Shrugged to publishers, over a dozen competed to acquire the new book.^[121]

The Fountainhead as well attracted a new group of fans who were attracted to its philosophical ideas. When she moved dorsum to New York in 1951, she gathered a grouping of these admirers to whom she referred publicly as "the Form of '43" in reference to the year The Fountainhead was published. The group evolved into the core of the Objectivist motility that promoted the philosophical ideas from Rand's writing.^{[122] [123]}

Cultural influence [edit]

The Fountainhead has continued to have strong sales throughout the last century into the current i. By 2008, it had sold over vi.v million copies in English. It has also been referred to in a diverseness of popular entertainments, including movies, television series, and other novels.^{[124] [125]}

The yr 1943 also saw the publication of The God of the Machine by Isabel Paterson and The Discovery of Freedom by Rose Wilder Lane. Rand, Lane, and Paterson have been referred to as the founding mothers of the American libertarian movement with the publication of these works.^[126] Journalist John Chamberlain, for example, credited these works with converting him from socialism to what he called "an older American philosophy" of libertarian and conservative ideas.^[127] Literature professor Philip R. Yannella said the novel is "a fundamental text of American conservative and libertarian political culture".^[1] In the United kingdom of great britain and northern ireland, Conservative politician Sajid Javid has spoken of the novel's influence on him and how he regularly rereads the courtroom scene from Roark's criminal trial.^[128]

The volume has a particular entreatment to young people, an appeal that led historian James Bakery to draw it as "more important than its detractors remember, although non as important equally Rand fans imagine".^[101] Philosopher Allan Flower said the novel is "hardly literature", only when he asked his students which books mattered to them, someone always was influenced by The Fountainhead.^[129] Journalist Nora Ephron wrote that she had loved the novel when she was xviii, only admitted that she "missed the point", which she suggested is largely subliminal sexual metaphor. Ephron wrote that she decided upon rereading that "it is ameliorate read when one is young enough to miss the bespeak. Otherwise, one cannot aid thinking it is a very silly book."^[130]

The Fountainhead has been cited past numerous architects as an inspiration for their work. Builder Fred Stitt, founder of the San Francisco Institute of Architecture, dedicated a book to his "showtime architectural mentor, Howard Roark".^[131] Co-ordinate to architectural photographer Julius Shulman, Rand'southward work "brought compages into the public's focus for the outset time". He said The Fountainhead was not only influential among 20th century architects, only also it "was one, first, forepart and center in the life of every builder who was a modern architect".^[132] The novel too had a significant impact on the public perception of architecture.^{[133] [134] [135]} During his 2016 presidential campaign, real estate developer Donald Trump praised the novel, proverb he identified with Roark.^[136] Roark Capital Group, a private disinterestedness firm, is named for the character Howard Roark.^[137]

Adaptations [edit]

Film [edit]

In 1949, Warner Bros. released a film based on the book, starring Gary Cooper as Howard Roark, Patricia Neal as Dominique Francon, Raymond Massey every bit Gail Wynand, and Kent Smith as Peter Keating. Rand, who had previous experience every bit a screenwriter, was hired to adjust her ain novel. The film was directed by King Vidor. Information technology grossed $two.one million, $400,000 less than its product budget.^[138] Critics panned the motion picture. Negative reviews appeared in publications ranging from newspapers such as The New York Times and the Los Angeles Times, to moving-picture show industry outlets such equally Variety and The Hollywood Reporter, to magazines such equally Fourth dimension and Skillful Housekeeping.^{[138] [139]}

In letters written at the time, Rand's reaction to the movie was positive. She said information technology was the most faithful accommodation of a novel always made in Hollywood^[140] and a "real triumph".^[141] Sales of the novel increased as a issue of interest spurred by the film.^[142] She displayed a more negative attitude afterwards, proverb she disliked the unabridged moving picture and complaining well-nigh its editing, interim, and other elements.^[143] Rand said she would never sell rights to another novel to a moving picture visitor that did not permit her to choice the director and screenwriter, besides as edit the film.^[144]

Various filmmakers have expressed interest in doing new adaptations of The Fountainhead, although none of these potential films has begun production. In the 1970s, writer-director Michael Cimino entered a bargain to movie his ain script for United Artists starring Clint Eastwood equally Roark, but postponed the project in favor of abortive biographical films on Janis Joplin and Frank Costello.^{[145] [146]} The deal complanate afterwards the failure of Cimino'due south 1980 motion-picture show Sky'due south Gate, which caused United Artists to refuse to finance any more of his films.^[147] Cimino continued to promise to film the script until his death in 2016.^[148]

In 1992, producer James Hill optioned the rights and selected Phil Joanou to direct.^[149] In the 2000s, Oliver Stone was interested in directing a new adaptation; Brad Pitt was reportedly under consideration to play Roark.^[150] In a March 2016 interview, director Zack Snyder besides expressed involvement in doing a new film adaptation of The Fountainhead.^[151] On May 28, 2018, Snyder was asked on the social media site Vero what his side by side project was, and he responded "Fountainhead".^[152] Nevertheless, in 2020, Snyder revealed he was no longer pursuing the project, as he was concerned that audiences would view it equally "hardcore right-wing propaganda".^[153] In a 2021 interview with The New York Times, Snyder further revealed that he abandoned the projection because of the polarized political climate in the United States, saying, "Nosotros need a less divided land and a little more liberal authorities to make that movie, so people don't react to it in a sure fashion."^[154]

Play [edit]

The Dutch theater company Toneelgroep Amsterdam presented a Dutch-linguistic communication adaptation for the stage at the Holland Festival in June 2014. The company's artistic director Ivo van Hove wrote and directed the accommodation. Ramsey Nasr played Howard Roark, with Halina Reijn playing Dominique Francon.^[155] The four-hour product used video projections to show close-ups of the actors and Roark'southward drawings, too every bit backgrounds of the New York skyline.^{[156] [157]} Subsequently its debut the production went on tour, actualization in Barcelona, Spain, in early July 2014,^[158] and at the Festival d'Avignon in France subsequently that month.^[156] The play appeared at the Odéon-Théâtre de l'Europe in Paris in November 2016,^[159] and at the LG Arts Center in Seoul from March 31 to April 2, 2017.^{[160] [161]} The play had its showtime American production at the Brooklyn Academy of Music's Next Moving ridge Festival, where it ran from Nov 28 to Dec 2, 2017.^[162]

The European productions of the play received mostly positive reviews. The Festival d'Avignon production received positive from the French newspapers La Croix,^[157] Les Échos,^[163] and Le Monde,^[164] likewise equally from the English language newspaper The Guardian, whose reviewer described it as "electrifying theatre".^[165] The French magazine Télérama gave the Avignon production a negative review, calling the source material inferior and complaining about the utilise of video screens on the set,^[166] while some other French magazine, La Terrasse, complimented the staging and interim of the Odéon product.^[159]

American critics gave mostly negative reviews of the Next Moving ridge Festival production. Helen Shaw's review for The Hamlet Voice said the adaptation was unwatchable because information technology portrayed Rand'south characters and views seriously without undercutting them.^[167] The reviewer for the Financial Times said the play was too long and that Hove had approached Rand's "noxious" book with besides much reverence.^[168] In a mixed review for The New York Times, critic Ben Brantley complimented Hove for capturing Rand'due south "sheer pulp appeal", but described the material equally "hokum with a whole lot of ponderous speeches".^[169] A review for The Huffington Mail complimented van Hove's ability to portray Rand'south message, but said the play was an 60 minutes too long.^[170]

Television [edit]

The novel was adapted in Urdu for the Islamic republic of pakistan Boob tube Network in the 1970s, under the title Teesra Kinara. The serial starred Rahat Kazmi, who also wrote the adaptation.^[171] Kazmi's wife, Sahira Kazmi, played Dominique.^[172]

The novel was also parodied in an episode of the animated take a chance series Mighty Mouse: The New Adventures ^[173] and in flavor twenty of the animated sitcom The Simpsons, in the final role of the episode "Four Great Women and a Manicure".^[174]

Other adaptations [edit]

In 1944, Omnibook Magazine produced an abridged edition of the novel that was sold to members of the Usa Armed Forces. Rand was annoyed that Bobbs-Merrill immune the edited version to exist published without her blessing of the text.^[175] Male monarch Features Syndicate approached Rand the following yr about creating a condensed, illustrated version of the novel for syndication in newspapers. Rand agreed, provided that she could oversee the editing and approve the proposed illustrations of her characters, which were provided by Frank Godwin. The 30-part serial began on December 24, 1945, and ran in over 35 newspapers.^[176] Rand biographer Anne Heller complimented the adaptation, calling it "handsomely illustrated".^[175]

See as well [edit]

• Architecture of the United states
• Romantic realism
• Ely Jacques Kahn#Kahn and Ayn Rand

Notes [edit]

1. ^ According to the Ayn Rand Institute, The Fountainhead has been translated into Bulgarian, Chinese, Croation, Czech, Danish, Dutch, French, Greek, Hebrew, Hungarian, Icelandic, Italian, Japanese, Korean, Marathi, Mongolian, Norwegian, Polish, Portuguese, Russian, Serbian, Slovenian, Spanish, Swedish, Turkish, Ukrainian, and Vietnamese.^[77]

References [edit]

Citations [edit]

1. ^ ^{a b c} Yannella 2011, p. 17
2. ^ Rand 2005a, p. 657: "He raped me. That'due south how it began."
3. ^ Gladstein 1999, p. 8
4. ^ Sciabarra 1995, p. 97
5. ^ Sciabarra 1995, p. 106
6. ^ Den Uyl 1999, p. 60
7. ^ Smith, Tara. "Unborrowed Vision: Independence and Egoism in The Fountainhead". In Mayhew 2006, pp. 287–289
8. ^ Schein, Dina. "Roark'south Integrity". In Mayhew 2006, p. 305
9. ^ Rand 2005b, p. 190
10. ^ Berliner, Michael S. "Howard Roark and Frank Lloyd Wright". In Mayhew 2006, pp. 48–50
11. ^ ^{a b} Reidy 2010
12. ^ Berliner, Michael S. "Howard Roark and Frank Lloyd Wright". In Mayhew 2006, pp. 42–44
13. ^ Berliner, Michael S. "Howard Roark and Frank Lloyd Wright". In Mayhew 2006, pp. 47–48
14. ^ Huxtable 2008, p. 226
15. ^ Filler 2009, p. 33
16. ^ ^{a b} Smith, Tara. "Unborrowed Vision: Independence and Egoism in The Fountainhead". In Mayhew 2006, p. 290
17. ^ ^{a b} Sciabarra 1995, pp. 107, 109
18. ^ ^{a b} Gladstein 1999, p. 41
19. ^ ^{a b c} Gladstein 1999, p. 62
20. ^ Den Uyl 1999, p. l
21. ^ Berliner, Michael South. "Howard Roark and Frank Lloyd Wright". In Mayhew 2006, p. 56
22. ^ Heller 2009, p. 109
23. ^ Rand 1997, p. 89
24. ^ ^{a b} Gladstein 1999, p. 52
25. ^ "Dominique Francon: Ayn Rand's Profoundly Misunderstood Heroine". The Objective Standard. 2022-05-21. Retrieved 2022-06-03 .
26. ^ Branden 1986, p. 106
27. ^ Boeckmann, Tore. "Rand's Literary Romanticism". In Gotthelf & Salmieri 2016, pp. 440–441
28. ^ Boeckmann, Tore. "Aristotle'south Poetics and The Fountainhead". In Mayhew 2006, pp. 158, 164
29. ^ ^{a b c} Burns 2009, pp. 44–45
30. ^ ^{a b} Heller 2009, pp. 117–118
31. ^ ^{a b} Johnson 2005, pp. 44–45
32. ^ ^{a b} Berliner, Michael Southward. "Howard Roark and Frank Lloyd Wright". In Mayhew 2006, p. 57
33. ^ Gladstein 1999, pp. 52–53
34. ^ Hicks 2009, p. 267
35. ^ Gotthelf 2000, p. xiv
36. ^ Merrill 1991, pp. 47–50
37. ^ Smith, Tara. "Unborrowed Vision: Independence and Egoism in The Fountainhead". In Mayhew 2006, pp. 291–293
38. ^ Baker 1987, pp. 102–103
39. ^ Den Uyl 1999, pp. 58–59
40. ^ ^{a b} Den Uyl 1999, pp. 54–55
41. ^ Minsaas, Kirsti. "The Stylization of Mind in Ayn Rand'southward Fiction". In Thomas 2005, p. 187
42. ^ Baker 1987, p. 52
43. ^ Sciabarra 1995, pp. 109–110
44. ^ Rand 1997, p. 113
45. ^ Schleier 2009, p. 123
46. ^ Ralston, Richard East. "Publishing The Fountainhead". In Mayhew 2006, p. 70
47. ^ Heller 2009, pp. 65, 441
48. ^ Eyman 2010, p. 252
49. ^ Rand 1997, p. 20
50. ^ Burns 2009, p. 70
51. ^ Rand 1997, p. 31
52. ^ Burns 2009, p. 41
53. ^ Gladstein 1999, p. 11
54. ^ Heller 2009, p. 98
55. ^ Burns 2009, p. 43
56. ^ Burns 2009, p. 69
57. ^ Burns 2009, p. 87
58. ^ Milgram, Shoshana. "The Fountainhead from Notebook to Novel". In Mayhew 2006, pp. 13–17
59. ^ Britting 2004, pp. 54–56
60. ^ Burns 2009, pp. 54–66
61. ^ ^{a b} Branden 1986, pp. 170–171
62. ^ Branden 1986, p. 155
63. ^ Burns 2009, p. 52
64. ^ Burns 2009, p. 68
65. ^ ^{a b} Burns 2009, p. 80
66. ^ Heller 2009, p. 186
67. ^ Ralston, Richard E. "Publishing The Fountainhead". In Mayhew 2006, p. 68
68. ^ ^{a b} Heller 2009, pp. 144–145
69. ^ Branden 1986, pp. 172–174
70. ^ Gladstein 1999, p. 12
71. ^ Heller 2009, pp. 149, 156
72. ^ Heller 2009, p. 166
73. ^ "Timeline of Ayn Rand's Life and Career". Ayn Rand Institute. Archived from the original on September xxx, 2012. Retrieved April 23, 2011.
74. ^ Ralston, Richard E. "Publishing Atlas Shruggged". In Mayhew 2009, p. 127
75. ^ Perinn 1990, p. 22
76. ^ Gladstein 2009, p. 122
77. ^ "Foreign Editions" (PDF). Ayn Rand Institute. Retrieved Jan 3, 2017.
78. ^ Rand 1997, p. 223
79. ^ Den Uyl 1999, pp. fourteen–16
80. ^ Baker 1987, p. 51
81. ^ Milgram, Shoshana. "The Fountainhead from Notebook to Novel". In Mayhew 2006, pp. 11–12
82. ^ ^{a b} Berliner, Michael S. "Howard Roark and Frank Lloyd Wright". In Mayhew 2006, p. 58
83. ^ Den Uyl 1999, p. 30
84. ^ Ralston, Richard Eastward. "Publishing The Fountainhead". In Mayhew 2006, p. 58
85. ^ Boeckmann, Tore. "Rand's Literary Romanticism". In Gotthelf & Salmieri 2016, p. 427
86. ^ Boeckmann, Tore. "The Fountainhead equally a Romantic Novel". In Mayhew 2006, pp. 130–131
87. ^ Cox, Stephen D. "The Literary Achievement of The Fountainhead". In Thomas 2005, p. 46
88. ^ Den Uyl 1999, pp. 29, 32
89. ^ Gotthelf & Salmieri 2016, p. 12
90. ^ Den Uyl 1999, pp. 35–36
91. ^ Gladstein 2009, pp. 21–22
92. ^ Mayhew 2006, p. 328
93. ^ ^{a b c} Berliner, Michael S. "The Fountainhead Reviews", in Mayhew 2006, pp. 77–82
94. ^ Pruette 1943
95. ^ Prescott 1943
96. ^ Rand 1995, p. 75
97. ^ Gladstein 1999, pp. 117–119
98. ^ ^{a b} Den Uyl 1999, p. 21
99. ^ Hornstein 1999, p. 431
100. ^ Cullen-DuPont 2000, p. 211
101. ^ ^{a b} Baker 1987, p. 57
102. ^ Merrill 1991, p. 45
103. ^ Kingwell 2006, p. 70
104. ^ Walker 1999, p. 79
105. ^ ^{a b} Bernstein, Andrew. "Agreement the 'Rape' Scene in The Fountainhead". In Mayhew 2006, p. 207
106. ^ Den Uyl 1999, p. 22
107. ^ Brownmiller 1975, pp. 348–350. Reprinted in Gladstein & Sciabarra 1999, pp. 63–65
108. ^ Chocolate-brown, Susan Beloved. "Ayn Rand: The Adult female Who Would Not Be President". In Gladstein & Sciabarra 1999, p. 289
109. ^ Harrison, Barbara Grizzuti. "Psyching Out Ayn Rand". In Gladstein & Sciabarra 1999, pp. 74–75
110. ^ Gladstein 1999, pp. 27–28
111. ^ Rand 1997, p. 96
112. ^ Burns 2009, p. 86
113. ^ Rand 1995, p. 631
114. ^ Rand 1995, p. 282
115. ^ Bernstein, Andrew. "Understanding the 'Rape' Scene in The Fountainhead". In Mayhew 2006, pp. 201–203
116. ^ ^{a b} McElroy, Wendy. "Looking Through a Paradigm Darkly". In Gladstein & Sciabarra 1999, pp. 162–164
117. ^ Milgram, Shoshana. "The Life of Ayn Rand". In Gotthelf & Salmieri 2016, p. 29
118. ^ Heller 2009, p. 164
119. ^ Heller 2009, p. 171
120. ^ Heller 2009, p. 198
121. ^ Heller 2009, p. 271
122. ^ Milgram, Shoshana. "The Life of Ayn Rand". In Gotthelf & Salmieri 2016, p. 30
123. ^ Burns 2009, p. 144
124. ^ Sciabarra 2004, pp. iii–5
125. ^ Burns 2009, pp. 282–283
126. ^ Powell 1996, p. 322
127. ^ Chamberlain 1982, p. 136
128. ^ Sylvester 2019
129. ^ Bloom 1987, p. 62
130. ^ Ephron 1970, p. 47
131. ^ Branden 1986, p. 420
132. ^ McConnell 2010, pp. 84–85
133. ^ Flowers 2009, p. 92
134. ^ Lewis 2007
135. ^ Hosey 2013
136. ^ Powers 2016
137. ^ "Most Our Proper noun". Roark Capital Group. Retrieved February 28, 2021.
138. ^ ^{a b} Hoberman 2011, pp. 96–98
139. ^ Gladstein 1999, p. 118
140. ^ Rand 1995, p. 445
141. ^ Rand 1995, p. 419
142. ^ Gladstein 2009, p. 95
143. ^ Britting 2004, p. 71
144. ^ McConnell 2010, p. 262
145. ^ Carducci 1989, p. 40
146. ^ Mueller 2015
147. ^ "Unproduced and Unfinished Films: An Ongoing Movie Comment Projection". Film Comment. Archived from the original on May 12, 2021. Retrieved March 15, 2021.
148. ^ Thompson 2016
149. ^ Oliver 1992
150. ^ Weiss 2012, p. 251
151. ^ Siegel 2016
152. ^ Hipes 2018
153. ^ Dockterman 2020
154. ^ Itzkoff 2021
155. ^ "The Fountainhead: World Premier". The netherlands Festival. Archived from the original on August xx, 2014. Retrieved Baronial 19, 2014.
156. ^ ^{a b} Candoni 2014
157. ^ ^{a b} Méreuze 2014
158. ^ "The Fountainhead in Barcelona". Toneelgroep Amsterdam. Retrieved Baronial xix, 2014.
159. ^ ^{a b} Santi 2016
160. ^ Yim 2017
161. ^ Yoon 2017
162. ^ "BAM | The Fountainhead". Brooklyn University of Music. Retrieved November 30, 2017.
163. ^ Chevilley 2014
164. ^ Darge 2014
165. ^ Todd 2014
166. ^ Pascaud 2014
167. ^ Shaw 2017
168. ^ McGuinness 2017
169. ^ Brantley 2017
170. ^ Freeling 2017
171. ^ Chughtai 2015
172. ^ Adil 2007
173. ^ Phipps 2010
174. ^ Leo 2009
175. ^ ^{a b} Heller 2009, p. 187
176. ^ Sciabarra 2004, p. vi

Works cited [edit]

• Adil, Mamun M. (January–Feb 2007). "The Portrait of a Lady". Aurora . Retrieved June 1, 2017.
• Baker, James T. (1987). Ayn Rand. Boston, Massachusetts: Twayne Publishers. ISBN0-8057-7497-ane.
• Blossom, Allan (1987). The Closing of the American Heed. New York: Simon & Schuster. ISBN0-671-65715-one.
• Branden, Barbara (1986). The Passion of Ayn Rand. Garden City, New York: Doubleday & Company. ISBN0-385-19171-5.
• Brantley, Ben (November 29, 2017). "Review: The Fountainhead, High-Tech, Juicy and Total of Lurid". The New York Times . Retrieved Dec iii, 2017.
• Britting, Jeff (2004). Ayn Rand. Overlook Illustrated Lives. New York: Overlook Duckworth. ISBNane-58567-406-0.
• Brownmiller, Susan (1975). Against Our Will: Men, Women, and Rape. New York: Simon & Schuster. ISBN0-671-22062-4.
• Burns, Jennifer (2009). Goddess of the Marketplace: Ayn Rand and the American Right. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN978-0-19-532487-7.
• Candoni, Christopher (July 16, 2014). "The Fountainhead: Ivo Van Hove architecte d'un grand spectacle" [The Fountainhead: Ivo Van Hove architect of a smashing show]. Toute la Civilisation (in French). Retrieved Baronial 19, 2014.
• Carducci, Mark Patrick (1989). "Michael Cimino". In Gallagher, John Andrew (ed.). Film Directors on Directing. Westport, Connecticut: Praeger. ISBN0-275-93272-nine.
• Chamberlain, John (1982). A Life with the Printed Give-and-take. Chicago, Illinois: Regnery Gateway. ISBN0-89526-656-3.
• Chevilley, Philippe (July 15, 2014). "Avignon: Ivo van Hove, le constructeur" [Avignon: Ivo van Hove, the builder]. Les Echos (in French). Archived from the original on January 5, 2017. Retrieved December 23, 2016.
• Chughtai, Zahra (January 2015). "Once Upon a Time..." Newsline . Retrieved June 1, 2017.
• Cullen-DuPont, Kathryn (2000). Encyclopedia of Women'southward History in America (2nd ed.). New York: Infobase Publishing. ISBN0-8160-4100-8.
• Darge, Fabienne (July xiv, 2014). "La Liberté de l'artiste contre la cociété de masse" [Freedom of the artist against mass society]. Le Monde (in French). Retrieved December 23, 2016.
• Dockterman, Eliana (May 21, 2020). "What to Know Almost the Justice League Snyder Cut—and Why Some People Are Upset About Its Release". Time. Archived from the original on March 24, 2022. Retrieved May 21, 2020.
• Den Uyl, Douglas J. (1999). The Fountainhead: An American Novel. Twayne's Masterwork Studies. New York: Twayne Publishers. ISBN0-8057-7932-9.
• Ephron, Nora (1970). "The Fountainhead Revisited". Wallflower at the Orgy. New York: Viking Press. p. 47. ISBN0-670-74926-v.
• Eyman, Scott (2010). Empire of Dreams: The Epic Life of Cecil B. DeMille. New York: Simon & Schuster. ISBN978-0-7432-8955-nine.
• Filler, Martin (April 30, 2009). "Maman's Boy". The New York Review of Books. Vol. 56, no. seven. pp. 33–36.
• Flowers, Benjamin (2009). Skyscraper: The Politics and Power of Building New York City in the Twentieth Century. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: University of Pennsylvania Printing. ISBN978-0-8122-4184-6.
• Freeling, Isa (Dec 2, 2017). "Toneelgroep Amsterdam Does Ayn Rand's The Fountainhead at BAM". The Huffington Post . Retrieved December 3, 2017.
• Gladstein, Mimi Reisel (1999). The New Ayn Rand Companion. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press. ISBN0-313-30321-5.
• Gladstein, Mimi Reisel (2009). Ayn Rand. Major Bourgeois and Libertarian Thinkers series. New York: Continuum Publishing. ISBN978-0-8264-4513-1.
• Gladstein, Mimi Reisel & Sciabarra, Chris Matthew, eds. (1999). Feminist Interpretations of Ayn Rand. Re-reading the Canon. University Park, Pennsylvania: Pennsylvania Country University Press. ISBN0-271-01830-5.
• Gotthelf, Allan (2000). On Ayn Rand. Wadsworth Philosophers Series. Belmont, California: Wadsworth Publishing. ISBN0-534-57625-seven.
• Gotthelf, Allan & Salmieri, Gregory, eds. (2016). A Companion to Ayn Rand. Blackwell Companions to Philosophy. Hoboken, New Jersey: Wiley Blackwell. ISBN978-1-4051-8684-1.
• Heller, Anne C. (2009). Ayn Rand and the World She Fabricated. New York: Doubleday. ISBN978-0-385-51399-9.
• Hicks, Stephen R.C. (Spring 2009). "Egoism in Nietzsche and Rand". The Periodical of Ayn Rand Studies. 10 (ii): 249–291.
• Hipes, Patrick (May 28, 2018). "Zack Snyder Says The Fountainhead Is His Next Project". Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved May 31, 2018.
• Hoberman, J. (2011). An Army of Phantoms: American Movies and the Making of the Cold War. New York: The New Press. ISBN978-ane-59558-005-4.
• Hornstein, Alan D. (1999). "The Trials of Howard Roark" (PDF). Legal Studies Forum. 23 (4): 431–448.
• Hosey, Lance (November 14, 2013). "The Fountainhead: Everything That'south Wrong with Architecture". ArchDaily . Retrieved September 17, 2016.
• Huxtable, Ada Louise (2008) [2004]. Frank Lloyd Wright: A Life. New York: Penguin Publishing. ISBN978-0-14-311429-1.
• Itzkoff, Dave (March xiv, 2021). "Zack Snyder'due south Rough and Tumble Ride With Justice League". The New York Times. Archived from the original on May 17, 2022. Retrieved Apr 12, 2021.
• Johnson, Donald Leslie (2005). The Fountainheads: Wright, Rand, the FBI and Hollywood. Jefferson, N Carolina: McFarland & Visitor. ISBN0-7864-1958-10.
• Kingwell, Mark (2006). Nearest Thing to Heaven: The Empire State Building and American Dreams. New Haven, Connecticut: Yale University Press. ISBN978-0-300-10622-0.
• Leo, Alex (June 11, 2009). "Maggie Speaks! The Littlest Simpson Says Her First Sentence While Acting Out The Fountainhead". The Huffington Mail service . Retrieved May 28, 2018.
• Lewis, Michael J. (December 2007). "The Rise of the 'Starchitect'". The New Criterion. Vol. 26, no. 4. Retrieved September 20, 2017.
• Mayhew, Robert, ed. (2006). Essays on Ayn Rand'southward The Fountainhead. Lanham, Maryland: Lexington Books. ISBN0-7391-1577-4.
• Mayhew, Robert, ed. (2009). Essays on Ayn Rand's Atlas Shrugged. Lanham, Maryland: Lexington Books. ISBN978-0-7391-2780-3.
• McConnell, Scott (2010). 100 Voices: An Oral History of Ayn Rand . New York: New American Library. ISBN978-0-451-23130-7.
• McGuinness, Max (December one, 2017). "Ivo van Hove takes on Ayn Rand: The Fountainhead in New York". Fiscal Times . Retrieved December 3, 2017.
• Méreuze, Didier (July 17, 2014). "Fountainhead, Roark fifty'architecte en sa tour d'ivoire" [Fountainhead, Roark the architect in his ivory tower]. La Croix (in French). Retrieved December 22, 2016.
• Merrill, Ronald E. (1991). The Ideas of Ayn Rand. La Salle, Illinois: Open Court Publishing. ISBN0-8126-9157-ane.
• Mueller, Matt (August xi, 2015). "Michael Cimino Tells Locarno Audition 'I'll Never Stop'". Screen Daily. Archived from the original on July 25, 2019. Retrieved March 15, 2021.
• Oliver, Charles (Dec 1992). "Who'll Play Roark?". Reason . Retrieved September 20, 2017.
• Pascaud, Fabienne (July 14, 2014). "Avignon: l'interminable Source vive d'Ivo van Hove" [Avignon: The interminable Fountainhead by Ivo van Hove]. Télérama (in French). Retrieved Dec 22, 2016.
• Perinn, Vincent L. (1990). Ayn Rand: Kickoff Descriptive Bibliography. Rockville, Maryland: Quill & Brush. ISBN0-9610494-8-0.
• Phipps, Keith (Jan 13, 2010). "Mighty Mouse: The New Adventures, The Complete Series". AV Club . Retrieved Baronial 6, 2018.
• Powell, Jim (May 1996). "Rose Wilder Lane, Isabel Paterson, and Ayn Rand: Three Women Who Inspired the Modern Libertarian Movement". The Freeman: Ideas on Freedom. 46 (five): 322. Retrieved April 15, 2011.
• Powers, Kirsten (April xi, 2016). "Donald Trump'southward 'Kinder, Gentler' Version: Kirsten Powers". USA Today. Archived from the original on April 12, 2016. Retrieved June 9, 2022.
• Prescott, Orville (May 12, 1943). "Books of the Times". The New York Times. p. 23.
• Pruette, Lorine (May 16, 1943). "Battle Confronting Evil". The New York Times. p. BR7. Reprinted in McGrath, Charles, ed. (1998). Books of the Century. New York: Times Books. pp. 135–136. ISBN0-8129-2965-ix.
• Rand, Ayn (1995). Berliner, Michael South. (ed.). Messages of Ayn Rand. New York: Dutton. ISBN0-525-93946-vi.
• Rand, Ayn (1997). Harriman, David (ed.). Journals of Ayn Rand. New York: Dutton. ISBN0-525-94370-6.
• Rand, Ayn (2005a) [1943]. The Fountainhead. New York: Plumage. ISBN978-1-101-13718-5.
• Rand, Ayn (2005b). Mayhew, Robert (ed.). Ayn Rand Answers, the All-time of Her Q&A. New York: New American Library. ISBN0-451-21665-two.
• Reidy, Peter (July vii, 2010). "Frank Lloyd Wright And Ayn Rand". The Atlas Society. Retrieved August 23, 2016.
• Santi, Agnès (Oct 25, 2016). "Théâtre – Critique: The Fountainhead" [Theater – Review: The Fountainhead]. La Terrasse (in French). Retrieved Dec 23, 2016.
• Schleier, Merrill (2009). Skyscraper Movie theater: Architecture and Gender in American Pic. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press. ISBN978-0-8166-4281-6.
• Sciabarra, Chris Matthew (1995). Ayn Rand: The Russian Radical. University Park, Pennsylvania: Pennsylvania State University Press. ISBN0-271-01440-vii.
• Sciabarra, Chris Matthew (Autumn 2004). "The Illustrated Rand". The Journal of Ayn Rand Studies. half dozen (1): 1–20. JSTOR 41560268.
• Shaw, Helen (December 1, 2017). "Ivo Van Hove Turns Ayn Rand'south The Fountainhead Into a Gusher of Nonsense". The Village Voice . Retrieved December three, 2017.
• Siegel, Tatiana (March 17, 2016). "'Batman v. Superman': Married Creative Duo on That R-Rated DVD, Plans for DC Superhero Universe". The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved Baronial 25, 2016.
• Sylvester, Rachel (January 27, 2019). "Both Sides Now: Inside the Ascent of Sajid Javid". Prospect . Retrieved February four, 2019.
• Thomas, William, ed. (2005). The Literary Art of Ayn Rand. Poughkeepsie, New York: The Objectivist Center. ISBN1-57724-070-7.
• Thompson, Anne (July 2, 2016). "Remembering Michael Cimino, Dead at 77". IndieWire. Archived from the original on May 28, 2022. Retrieved March 15, 2021.
• Todd, Andrew (July 16, 2014). "The Fountainhead Review – Ivo van Hove's Smouldering Accept on Ayn Rand". The Guardian . Retrieved December 22, 2016.
• Walker, Jeff (1999). The Ayn Rand Cult. La Salle, Illinois: Open Court Publishing. ISBN0-8126-9390-half dozen.
• Weiss, Gary (2012). Ayn Rand Nation: The Subconscious Struggle for America'southward Soul . New York: St. Martin's Press. ISBN978-0-312-59073-4.
• Yannella, Philip R. (2011). American Literature in Context after 1929. Malden, Massachusetts: Wiley-Blackwell. ISBN978-ane-4051-8599-8.
• Yim, Seung-hye (April 1, 2017). "Fountainhead Put on Phase by Dutch Director". Korea JoongAng Daily . Retrieved Nov 30, 2017.
• Yoon, Min-sik (March 30, 2017). "Van Hove Asks, 'Idealism or Practicality?' Via The Fountainhead". The Korea Herald . Retrieved November xxx, 2017.

External links [edit]

• Annual The Fountainhead essay contest (Ayn Rand Found)
• CliffsNotes for The Fountainhead
• SparkNotes written report guide for The Fountainhead
• Panel discussion about "The Relevance of The Fountainhead in Today'due south World" on May 12, 2002 from C-SPAN

Ayn Rand Fictional Character Howard,

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Fountainhead

Posted by: minertherry.blogspot.com

Share this post